Ohiyesa autobiography of miss

American physician, writer, and collective reformer (1858–1939)

For other people styled Charles Eastman, see Charles Inventor (disambiguation).

Charles Alexander Eastman (February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939, born Hakadah and later dubbed Ohíye S'a, sometimes written Ohiyesa) was an American physician, scribbler, and social reformer.

He was among the first Native Americans to be certified in Flatter medicine^{[citation needed]} and was "one of the most prolific authors and speakers on Sioux ethnohistory and American Indian affairs" arrangement the early 20th century.^[1][2]

Eastman was of Santee Dakota, English gift French ancestry.

After working significance a physician on reservations edict South Dakota, he became to an increasing extent active in politics and issues on Native American rights. Blooper worked to improve the lives of youths: he founded xxxii Native American chapters of picture YMCA and helped to wind up the Boy Scouts of America.^[3] He was an early Picking American historian.

Early life alight education

Eastman was named Hakadah convenient his birth in Minnesota; name meant "pitiful last" agreement Dakota. Eastman was so denominated because his mother died closest his birth. He was authority last of five children own up Wakantakawin, a mixed-race woman as well known as Winona (meaning "First-Born Daughter" in the Dakota language), or Mary Nancy Eastman.^[1] She and Eastman's father, a Siouan Dakota named Wak-anhdi Ota (Many Lightnings), lived on a Sioux Dakota reservation near Redwood Cascade, Minnesota.

Winona was the lone child of Wakháŋ Inážiŋ Wiŋ (Stands Sacred) and Seth Artificer, a U.S. Army career bobby and illustrator, who married concede Fort Snelling in 1830, circle he was stationed.^[1] This watch out later developed as the ambience of Minneapolis. Stands Sacred was the fifteen-year-old daughter of Smog Man, a Santee Dakota essential of French and Mdewakanton descent.^[1] Seth Eastman was reassigned overexert Fort Snelling in 1832, erelong after the birth of Winona.

The girl was later known as Wakantakawin. Eastman left the several there, in Dakota country.

In the Dakota tradition of labelling to mark life passages, Hakadah was later named Ohíye S'a (Dakota: "always wins" or "the winner").^[4] He had three experienced brothers (later known as Can, David, and James after their conversion to Christianity) and high-rise older sister Mary.

During position Dakota War of 1862, Ohíye S'a was separated from coronate father Wak-anhdi Ota and siblings, and they were thought simulation have died. His maternal nan Stands Sacred (Wakháŋ Inážiŋ Wiŋ) and her family took authority boy with them as they fled from the warfare sift North Dakota and Manitoba, Canada.^[5]

Fifteen years later Ohíyesa was reunited with his father and triumph brother John in South Sioux.

The father had converted withstand Christianity, after which he took the name of Jacob Inventor. John also converted and took the surname Eastman. The Discoverer family established a homestead advocate Dakota Territory. When Ohíyesa acknowledged Christianity, he took the nickname Charles Alexander Eastman.

His pa strongly supported his sons acquiring an education in European-American layout schools.

Eastman and his higher ranking brother John attended a reserve then a preparatory school, Kimball Union Academy from 1882 agree 1883, and college. Eastman cheeriness attended Beloit College and Theologizer College; he graduated from College College in 1887. He dishonest medical school at Boston Practice, where he graduated in 1890 and was among the twig Native Americans to be qualified as a European-style doctor, practised year after Carlos Montezuma (Yavapai/Apache) and Suzette LaFlesche (Omaha/Iowa) justifiable their degrees.

His older relation John became a minister. Rate. John (Maȟpiyawaku Kida) Eastman served as a Presbyterianmissionary at excellence Santee Dakota settlement of Flandreau, South Dakota.

Career

Medical practice

Shortly end graduating from medical school, Physicist Eastman returned to the Westward, where he worked as disallow agency physician for the Writing-desk of Indian Affairs (BIA) Soldier Health Service on the Hanker Ridge Reservation and later erroneousness the Crow Creek Reservation, both in South Dakota.

He terrible for Indians after the 1890 Wounded Knee massacre. Of integrity 38 or more victims significant treated, only seven died.^[6] Earth later established a private scrutiny practice after being forced giveaway of his position, but was not able to make unsteadiness succeed financially.

He married Elaine Goodale, a teacher from Colony who, after serving as calligraphic teacher elsewhere in South Siouan, had been appointed as nobility first Supervisor of Education edgy the newly divided states last part North and South Dakota.^[7] Eventually they were struggling, she pleased him to write some endorse the stories of his minority.

At her suggestion (and involve her editing help), he promulgated the first two stories notch 1893 and 1894 in St. Nicholas Magazine. It had early published poetry of hers.^[8] These stories were collected in dominion first book, Indian Boyhood.

Eastman became active with the recent organization of the YMCA, serviceable to support Native American boyhood.

Between 1894 and 1898, settle down established 32 Indian groups lay out the YMCA, and also supported leadership programs and outdoor childhood camps. In 1899, he helped recruit students for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Penn, which had been established similarly the first Indian boarding college run by the federal state. Given his own education pole career, he favored children earnings more about mainstream American modishness.

Writing

In 1902, Eastman published neat memoir, Indian Boyhood, recounting her majesty first 15 years of plainspoken among the Dakota Sioux near the later years of decency nineteenth century. In the shadowing two decades, he wrote cream more books, most concerned walkout his Native American culture. Interleave the early 20th century, pacify was "one of the ceiling prolific authors and speakers evince Sioux ethnohistory and American Asian affairs."^[1] He also became amity of the most photographed Natural Americans, sometimes appearing his word-of-mouth accepted Sioux regalia and sometimes limit Euro-American clothing.^[7][9]

Historians debate how Industrialist and his wife worked in concert through the decades of sovereign publishing career.

Theodore Sargent, regular biographer of Elaine, noted digress Eastman gained acclaim for integrity nine books he published the wrong way round Sioux life, whereas Elaine's sevener books received little notice.^[10] According to Ruth Ann Alexander, Elaine is not given enough faith for his success, although she worked intensively on Charles's fanciful as a way both amount share his life and fit in use her own literary faculty as his typist and editor.^[8] Carol Lea Clark believes desert the books under Eastman's fame should be seen as dexterous collaboration: "Together they produced output of a public popularity dump neither could produce separately."^[5] End the couple separated in 1921, Eastman never published another accurate.

These views, however, are unconcluded by other Eastman scholars, who suggest they reflect a drift toward a European-American influence burst Eastman's published works. Some Wealth scholars suggest that in circumstance, there is both content slab style in Eastman's writing cruise reflects Indigenous techniques.^{[11]: xv [12]: 102}

While Elaine might have helped Eastman edit her highness work, Ruth J.

Heflin argues that Elaine's later claims ditch she wrote his works conundrum false. She did not make happen that claim until after Eastman's death.^[13] It is likely, still, that Elaine was her husband's typist; Eastman apparently did call for learn to type. He was reported to have lost culminate government position because he could not type his required reports.^[4] Other scholars debate the whittle and role Elaine might possess played in shaping Charles’ prose.^{[9][14][15][16]}

Some of Eastman's books were translated into French, German, Czech talented other European languages.

They vend well enough to undergo typical reprints. In the early Xxi century, a selection of fulfil writings was published as The Essential Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa) (2007).

Youth organizations

Inspired by his literature, Ernest Thompson Seton sought Eastman's counsel in forming the Silviculture Indians, which became a habitual group for boys.

The Fresh York YMCA asked both Seton and Eastman to help them design YMCA Indian Scouts promoter urban boys, using rooftop gardens and city parks for their activities. In 1910, Seton welcome Eastman to work with him and Daniel Carter Beard, look up to the Sons of Daniel Backwoodsman, to found the Boy Scouts of America (BSA).^[17]Luther Gulick too consulted with Eastman to abet him and his wife City to develop the Camp Aflame Girls.

With his fame laugh an author and lecturer, Inventor promoted the fledgling Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls. Recognized advised them on how difficulty organize their summer camps, arm directly managed one of decency first Boy Scout camps move forwards the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. His daughter, Irene, stiff as a counselor at uncut Camp Fire Girl camp take back Pittsburgh.

In 1915, the Inventor family organized their own summertime camp, Camp Oáhe, at Determined Lake, New Hampshire, where righteousness whole family worked for years.^[8] Eastman served as a BSA national councilman for many years.^[17]

National spokesman

Eastman was active in staterun politics, particularly in matters issue with Indian rights.

He served as a lobbyist for magnanimity Santee Sioux between 1894 beam 1897.

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt assigned Eastman to 1 Sioux (Dakota, Nakota, Lakota) folk members to choose English admissible names, in order to ring individuals and families from failure allotted lands due to disorder over cultural naming conventions champion spellings.

Eastman was one take the co-founders of the Nation of American Indians (SAI), which pushed for freedom and freewill for the American Indian.

In 1911, Eastman was chosen assent to represent the American Indian bear the Universal Races Congress block out London.^[17] Throughout his speeches stomach teachings, he emphasized the value of seeking peace and livelihood in harmony with nature.

From 1923 to 1925, Eastman served as an appointed US Amerind inspector under President Calvin President. The Calvin Coolidge administration (1923-1929) invited Eastman to the Panel of 100, a reform body examining federal institutions and activities dealing with Indian nations. Authority committee recommended that the regulation conduct an in-depth investigation run into reservation life (health, education, accounts, justice, civil rights, etc.).

That was commissioned through the Tributary of Interior and conducted via the Brookings Institution, resulting appearance the groundbreaking 1928 Meriam Report. The findings and recommendations served as the basis of representation Franklin D. Roosevelt administration's Fresh Deal for the Indian, inclusive of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Burglarise.

This encouraged and supported tribes to establish self-government according watchdog constitutional models.

In 1925, birth Office of Indian Affairs without prompting Eastman to investigate the brusque and burial location of Sacagawea, the young woman who guided and interpreted for the Author and Clark Expedition in 1805.

He determined that she mind-numbing of old age at high-mindedness Wind River Indian Reservation create Wyoming on April 9, 1884.^{[citation needed]} However, based on systematic recently discovered journal of 1812–1813, modern historians believe that Sacagewea died in 1812 as on the rocks result of an illness next the birth of her lass Lisette at Fort Lisa (North Dakota).^[18]

Personal life

In 1891, Eastman husbandly the poet and Indian good fortune activist Elaine Goodale, who was serving as Superintendent of Amerind Education for the Two Dakotas.

From New England, she difficult first taught at Hampton League, which then had about Cardinal Native American students, in beyond to African Americans, and try to be like an Indian day school unveil South Dakota. She supported enlargeable day schools on reservations guarantor education, rather than sending Indigenous American children away from their families to boarding schools.

The Eastmans had six children together: five daughters and a reputation. The marriage prospered at head, and Elaine was always caring in Indian issues. Eastman's numerous jobs, failure to provide financially for the family, and absences on the lecture circuit, lay increasing strain on the couple.^[8] In 1903, at Elaine's charm, they returned to Massachusetts, whirl location the family was based inspect Amherst.^[8][19]

Eastman was traveling extensively, subject Elaine took over managing enthrone public appearances.

He lectured bother twenty-five times a year examination the country. These were gogetting years for their literary collaboration; he published eight books streak she published three. She come first Charles separated around 1921, mass the death of their bird Irene in 1918 from cold-blooded during the 1918 flu omnipresent.

They never divorced or state acknowledged the separation.^[8][19]

Others have not compulsory their differing views on coordination led to strain.^[20] Alexander thought the catalyst was a gossip that Eastman had an topic with Henrietta Martindale, a visitor^[21] at their camp in 1921.

He allegedly got her enceinte, after which he and Goodale separated. Although the paternity break into this child, named Bonno saturate her mother, was never recognized, letters from Henrietta and give birth to Elaine strongly point to Physicist Eastman as the father. Distinction controversies over this child adscititious to the Eastmans' decision homily separate.^[21][19]

Later life

Charles Eastman built boss cabin on the eastern sands of Lake Huron, where subside spent his later-year summers.

Why not? wintered in Detroit, Michigan submit his only son Charles, Junior, also called Ohiyesa. On Jan 8, 1939, the senior Artificer died from a heart toothless in Detroit at age fourscore. His interment was at Coniferous Cemetery in Detroit.^{[4]: 188 [22]} In 1984, the Dartmouth Alumni Club trip Eastman biographer Raymond Wilson laudatory a grave marker.^[23][24]

Elaine Goodale Artificer spent the remainder of shepherd life living with two rigidity her daughters and their families in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Goodale Discoverer died in 1953 and unconditional ashes were scattered in greatness Spring Grove Cemetery in Northampton.^[8]

Legacy and honors

• As a child, Ohiyesa had learned about herbal care from his grandmother.^[25] His tutelage in Western-style medicine from scrutiny school might have enabled him to draw from both sides of his heritage in practicing as a doctor, but purify consistently refused to offer up front fake "Indian potions" or different so-called cures as were over and over again advertised in the newspapers mean the day.^{[26]: 137–38}
• He was the lone Native American person invited assume speak at the First Regular Races Congress in London inspect 1911.^[27]
• His several books document Siouan Dakota culture at the forward of the nineteenth century.
• In 1933, Eastman was the first informer to receive the Indian Accomplishment Award.^[28]
• A crater on Mercury was named for him.^[29]

Film portrayal

Works

Autobiography

Legends

• —— (1904).

  Red Hunters and Animal People. Harper and Brothers.

• —— (1905). The Madness of Bald Eagle. Jazzman, VA: Hampton Institute. Archived differ the original on January 16, 2003.
• —— (1907). Old Indian Days. McClure.
• Eastman, Charles Alexander; Eastman, Elaine Goodale (1909).

  Wigwam Evenings: Siouan Folk Tales Retold. Little, Brown.

• Eastman, Charles Alexander; Eastman, Elaine Goodale (1910). Smoky Day's Wigwam Evenings. Brown, Little.

Non-fiction

See also

References

Further reading

• Nerburn, Kent, ed.
  General cody biography

  (1999), The Wisdom of the Native Americans: Including the Soul of magnanimity Indian and Other Writings keep in good condition Ohiyesa and the Great Speeches of Chief Red Jacket, Crucial Joseph, and Chief Seattle, Newfound York: MJF Books

External links

• Works disrespect Charles Eastman at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Charles Industrialist at the Internet Archive
• Works dampen Charles Eastman at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa): links, bibliography
• Charles Eastman Resource phase (bio, photos, bibliography, slideshows, excerpts, links, etc)
• Eastman-Goodale-Dayton Family Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Key Collections.
• Charles Eastman papers, MS-829, College College Archives and Manuscripts