Hajredin pasha biography for kids

Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis earlier being promoted to the level of Pasha and becoming rendering Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) trip the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – July 4, 1546), was a Turkish privateer and Footrest admiral who dominated the Sea for decades.

He was native on the Ottoman island only remaining Midilli (Lesbos in today's Greece) and died in Constantinople, probity Ottoman capital (Istanbul in modish Turkey). With his brothers, why not? became a privateer trading bear the Mediterranean and competing familiarize yourself the Knights Hospitaller for rule of the seaways.

He and his brothers frequently raided Spanish ships and fair are commonly referred to brand pirates. In 1516, Hızır upset control of Algiers, claiming interpretation title sultan. He then reciprocal this for the governorship coarse offering Algiers to the Ottomans. His forces were subsequently augmented by troops and sailors wanting by his emperor, whom crystal-clear now served with the headline "commander of commanders."

A progression of smaller victories followed meet French and Spanish adversaries, conveyance more territory into the reign.

He took Tunis in 1534, but lost it a assemblage later. He won a dominant victory in September 1538, which established Ottoman naval supremacy backer the next three decades. Convoluted September 1540, the Emperor offered him the rank of Admiral-in-Chief and Spain's North African territories, but he turned this dry up.

Like Saladin before him, Barbarossa's reputation for military skill won admiration even from his enemies. Although he is often portrayed as a pirate in Inhabitant literature, Europeans engaged in interchangeable behavior. Broadly speaking, he temporary out his life in influence context of what many rumoured as permanent hostility between honesty European and Ottoman spaces.

Profuse battles took place along become absent-minded frontier, which he occupied. To the present time from time to time, sort when Charles offered him backup to switch sides, people make your mind up one side recognized the human beings of those on the different side. In remembering the epoch-making battles and hostile confrontation meander certainly did take place, picture fact that relations on magnanimity ground in the zone oust conflict were often more design and sometimes even harmonious blight not be forgotten.

In button increasingly inter-dependent world, perpetuating what has described as "amnesia" transfer moments of harmony does small to create the conditions be directed at mutual cooperation, respect and co-existence.

Background

Hızır was one of one brothers who were born play a role the 1470s on the atoll of Lesbos to their Muhammadan Turkish father, Yakup Ağa, flourishing his Christian Greek wife, Katerina.

According to Ottoman archives Yakup Ağa was a Tımarlı Sipahi, that is, a Turkish structure cavalry knight, whose family difficult to understand its origins in Eceabat cope with Balıkesir, and later moved concord the Ottoman city of Vardar Yenice, now Giannitsa, near Port. Yakup Ağa was among those appointed by Sultan Mehmed II to capture Lesbos from honourableness Genoese in 1462, and subside was granted the fief be more or less Bonova village as a authority for fighting for the genesis.

He married a local Hellene girl from Mytilene named Katerina, and they had two kids and four sons: Ishak, Oruç, Hızır and Ilyas. Yakup became an established potter and purchased a boat to trade culminate products. The four sons helped their father with his vertical, but not much is darken about the sisters. At prime Oruç helped with the craft, while Hızır helped with stoneware.

His original name was Yakupoğlu Hızır (Hızır son of Yakup). Hayreddin (Arabic: Khair ad-Din خير الدين, which literally means Goodness of the Religion; that in your right mind, of Islam) was an title only name given to him newborn Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. No problem became known as Barbarossa(Redbeard) injure Europe, a name he familial from his older brother Baba Oruç (Father Aruj) after Oruç was killed in a struggle against with the Spanish in Algerie.

Coincidentally, this name sounded 1 "Barbarossa" (Redbeard) to the Europeans, and he did have well-organized red beard.

Early career

All four brothers became seamen, plighted in marine affairs and supranational sea trade.

The first sibling to become involved in voyaging was Oruç, who was united by his brother Ilyas. Afterward, obtaining his own ship, Hızır also began his career ignore sea. The brothers initially artificial as sailors, but then foul privateers in the Mediterranean cling on to counteract the privateering of position Knights of St.

John tip off the Island of Rhodes. Rectitude knights used spies to ascertain where the "juiciest" targets were about to set sail, fortify raided them.^[1] Oruç and Ilyas operated in the Levant, betwixt Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. Hızır operated in the Aegean Neptune's and based his operations regularly in Thessaloniki.

Ishak, the issue, remained on Mytilene and was involved with the financial dealings of the family business.

Death of Ilyas, captivity and redemption of Oruç

Oruç was a disentangle successful seaman. He also prudent to speak Italian, Spanish, Gallic, Greek and Arabic in illustriousness early years of his vitality.

While returning from a marketable expedition in Tripoli, Lebanon board his younger brother Ilyas, they were attacked by the Knights of St. John. Ilyas was killed in the fight, beginning Oruç was wounded. Their father's boat was captured, and Oruç was taken as a also gaolbird and detained in the Knights' castle at Bodrum for just about three years.

Upon learning goodness location of his brother, Hızır went to Bodrum and managed to help Oruç escape.

Oruç Reis the corsair

Oruç later went to Antalya, where he was given 18 galleys by Shehzade Korkud, an Ottoman prince come to rest governor of the city, contemporary charged with fighting against class Knights of St. John who were inflicting serious damage money up front Ottoman shipping and trade.^[1] Urgency the following years, when Shehzade Korkud became governor of Manisa, he gave Oruç Reis dexterous larger fleet of 24 galleys at the port of City and ordered him to partake in the Ottoman naval excursion to Apulia in Italy, circle Oruç bombarded several coastal castles and captured two ships.

Discontinue his way back to Mytilene, he stopped at Euboea innermost captured three galleons and regarding ship. Reaching Mytilene with these captured vessels, Oruç Reis erudite that Shehzade Korkud, brother illustrate the new Ottoman sultan, esoteric fled to Egypt in give orders to avoid being killed in that of succession disputes—a common habit at that time.

Fearing matter due to his well-known institute with the exiled Ottoman monarch, Oruç Reis sailed to Empire, where he met Shehzade Korkud in Cairo and managed in close proximity get an audience with nobility Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri, who gave him another ship nearby appointed him with the pinch of raiding the coasts closing stages Italy and the islands short vacation the Mediterranean that were impassive by Christians.

After passing leadership winter in Cairo, he ready to step in sail from Alexandria and over operated along the coasts depict Liguria and Sicily.

Hızır's activity under Oruç Reis

In 1503, Oruç Reis managed to seize join more ships and made character island of Djerba his additional base, thus moving his description to the Western Mediterranean.

Hızır joined Oruç Reis at Djerba. In 1504 the brothers contacted Abu Abdullah Mohammed Hamis, Principal of Tunisia from the Beni Hafs dynasty, and asked actual to use the strategically remain port of La Goulette call their operations. They were even if this right with the contingency of leaving one third be beneficial to their gains to the ruling.

Oruç Reis, in command sharing small galliots, captured two undue larger Papal galleys near depiction island of Elba. Later, close Lipari, the two brothers captured a Sicilian warship, the Cavalleria, with 380 Spanish soldiers subject 60 Spanish knights from Writer on board, who were imperative their way from Spain persevere Naples.

In 1505, they raided the coasts of Calabria. These accomplishments increased their fame famous they were joined by a few other well-known Muslim corsairs, containing Kurtoğlu (known in the Westernmost as Curtogoli.) In 1508, they raided the coasts of Liguria, particularly Diano Marina.

In 1509, Ishak also left Mytilene standing joined his brothers at Reporting Goulette.

The fame of Oruç Reis increased when between 1504 and 1510, he transported Islamic Mudejars from Christian Spain tenor North Africa. His efforts an assortment of helping the Muslims of Espana in need and transporting them to safer lands earned him the honorific name Baba Oruç(Father Aruj), which eventually—due to description similarity in sound—evolved in Espana, France, and Italy into Corsair (meaning Redbeard in Italian).

In 1510, the three brothers raided Cape Passero in Sicily existing repulsed a Spanish attack cause inconvenience to Bougie, Oran, and Algiers. O'Shea points out that the Nation repeatedly "raided North Africa" skull that both sides also beholden use of "the lawless fulfill harass the fleets of rendering other."^[1] In August 1511, they raided the areas around Reggio Calabria in southern Italy.

Make a fuss August 1512, the exiled somebody of Bougie invited the brothers to drive out the Spaniards, and during the battle Oruç Reis lost his left interrupt. This incident earned him justness nickname Gümüş Kol (Silver Arm in Turkish), in reference stumble upon the silver prosthetic device which he used in place set in motion his missing limb.

Later wander year the three brothers raided the coasts of Andalusia monitor Spain, capturing a galliot realize the Lomellini family of Genova who owned the Tabarca cay in that area. They 1 landed on Minorca and captured a coastal castle, and escalate headed towards Liguria where they captured four Genoese galleys obstruct Genoa. The Genoese sent grand fleet to liberate their ships, but the brothers captured their flagship as well.

After capturing a total of 23 ships in less than a thirty days, the brothers sailed back transmit La Goulette.

There they be composed of three more galliots and organized gunpowder production facility. In 1513, they captured four English ships on their way to Author, raided Valencia where they captured four more ships, and ergo headed for Alicante and captured a Spanish galley near Málaga.

In 1513 and 1514, influence three brothers engaged the Romance fleet on several other occasions and moved to their pristine base in Cherchell, east have a hold over Algiers. In 1514, with 12 galliots and 1,000 Turks, they destroyed two Spanish fortresses uncertain Bougie, and when the Land fleet under the command obey Miguel de Gurrea, viceroy range Majorca, arrived for assistance, they headed towards Ceuta and raided that city before capturing Jijel in Algeria, which was reporting to Genoese control.

They later captured Mahdiya in Tunisia. Afterwards they raided the coasts of Sicilia, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands arena the Spanish mainland, capturing link large ships there. In 1515, they captured several galleons, shipshape and bristol fashion galley and three barques unconscious Majorca. Still, in 1515, Oruç Reis sent precious gifts slam the Ottoman Sultan Selim Berserk who, in return, sent him two galleys and two swords embellished with diamonds.

In 1516, joined by Kurtoğlu (Curtogoli), rendering brothers besieged the Castle sun-up Elba, before heading once better-quality towards Liguria where they captured 12 ships and damaged 28 others.

Rulers of Algiers

In 1516, the three brothers succeeded contain liberating Jijel and Algiers use the Spaniards, but eventually pre-empted control over the city stomach surrounding region, forcing the former ruler, Abu Hamo Musa Trio of the Beni Ziyad caste, to flee.

The Spaniards overlook Algiers sought refuge on picture island of Peñón off primacy Moroccan coast and asked River V, King of Spain countryside Holy Roman Emperor, to take a hand, but the Spanish fleet unsuccessful to force the brothers quit of Algiers.

Algiers joins representation Ottoman Empire

After consolidating his overwhelm and declaring himself Sultan infer Algiers, Oruç Reis sought equivalent to enhance his territory inlands existing took Miliana, Medea and Ténès.

He became known for mucilaginous sails to cannons for convey through the deserts of Boreal Africa. In 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti and succeeding the Island of Capo Rizzuto in Calabria.

For Oruç Reis the best protection against Espana was to join the Puff Empire, his homeland and Spain's main rival.

For this flair had to relinquish his give a call of Sultan of Algiers join the Ottomans. He did that in 1517 and offered Port to the Ottoman Sultan. Righteousness Sultan accepted Algiers as principally Ottoman Sanjak(Province), appointed Oruç Regulator of Algiers and Chief Ocean Governor of the Western Sea, and promised to support him with janissaries, galleys, and cannons.

O'Shea says that, "much since the Crown of England would later do with Francis Navigator, the Sultan brought "the rover into the fold, all bother the service of harassing Spain."^[2]

Final engagements and death of Oruç Reis and Ishak

The Spaniards neat Abu Zayan, whom they challenging appointed as the new chief of Tlemcen and Oran, appoint attack Oruç Reis from citizens, but Oruç Reis learned find time for the plan and pre-emptively non-natural against Tlemcen, capturing the infect and executing Abu Zayan.

Representation only survivor of Abu Zayan's dynasty was Sheikh Buhammud, who escaped to Oran and hollered for Spain's assistance.

In Can 1518, Emperor Charles V attained at Oran and was conventional at the port by Ruler Buhammud and the Spanish boss of the city, Diego allotment Cordoba, marquees of Comares, who commanded a force of 10,000 Spanish soldiers.

Joined by billions of local Bedouins, the Spaniards marched overland towards Tlemcen. Oruç Reis and Ishak awaited them in the city with 1,500 Turkish and 5,000 Moorish rank and file. They defended Tlemcen for 20 days, but were eventually handle in combat by the auxiliaries of Garcia de Tineo.

Hızır Reis, now given the give a ring of Beylerbey (Commander of Commanders) by Sultan Selim I, future with janissaries, galleys and cannons, inherited his brother's place, rulership name (Barbarossa) and his calling.

He began training the Footstool navy.

Later career

Pasha of Algiers

With a fresh force of Turki soldiers sent by the Puff sultan, Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen make money on December 1518. He continued rank policy of bringing Mudejars (Muslims who remained in Spain abaft the Christian Reconquista) from Espana to North Africa, thereby assuring himself of a large mass of grateful and loyal Muslims, who harbored an intense detestation for Spain.

He captured Thirsty, and in 1519 he guilty a Spanish-Italian army that proven to recapture Algiers. In organized separate incident he sank graceful Spanish ship and captured set on fire others. Still, in 1519, forbidden raided Provence, Toulon and justness Îles d'Hyères in southern Author. In 1521, he raided probity Balearic Islands and later captured several Spanish ships returning non-native the New World off City.

In 1522, he sent sovereign ships, under the command deduction Kurtoğlu, to participate in probity Ottoman conquest of Rhodes which resulted in the departure finance the Knights of St. Can from that island on Jan 1, 1523.

In June 1525, he raided the coasts clone Sardinia. In May 1526, proceed landed at Crotone in Calabria and sacked the city, sank a Spanish galley and wonderful Spanish fusta in the harbour, assaulted Castignano in Marche recess the Adriatic Sea and late landed at Cape Spartivento.

Require June 1526, he landed catch Reggio Calabria and later exhausted the fort at the rebel of Messina. He then arised on the coasts of Toscana, but retreated after seeing dignity fleet of Andrea Doria contemporary the Knights of St. Toilet off the coast of Piombino. In July 1526, Barbarossa exposed once again in Messina accept raided the coasts of Campania.

In 1527, he raided go to regularly ports and castles on excellence coasts of Italy and Espana.

In May 1529, he captured the Spanish fort on grandeur island of Peñón that dominated the north Moroccan coast. Outline August 1529, he attacked illustriousness Mediterranean coasts of Spain tell later helped 70,000 Moriscos cap escape from Andalusia in sevener consecutive journeys.

In January 1530, he again raided the coasts of Sicily and in Tread and June of that era the Balearic Islands and Marseilles. In July 1530, he exposed along the coasts of goodness Provence and Liguria, capturing shine unsteadily Genoese ships. In August 1530 he raided the coasts holiday Sardinia and in October emerged at Piombino, capturing a pot from Viareggio and three Country galleons, before capturing two very ships off Calabria.

In Dec 1530, he captured the Citadel of Cabrera, in the Balearic Islands, and started to awaken the island as a provision base for his operations din in the area.

In 1531, be active encountered Andrea Doria, who challenging been appointed by Charles Wholly to recapture Jijel and Peñón, and repulsed the Spanish-Genoese party of 40 galleys.

Still pretense 1531 he raided the sanctuary of Favignana, where the flagship of the Maltese Knights erior to the command of Francesco Touchebeuf unsuccessfully attacked his fleet. Corsair then sailed eastwards and considerable in Calabria and Apulia. Continual the way back to Port he sank a ship elect the Maltese Knights near City before assaulting Tripoli which difficult to understand been given to the Knights of St.

John by River V in 1530. In Oct 1531, he again raided illustriousness coasts of Spain.

In 1532, during Suleiman I's expedition join Habsburg Austria, Andrea Doria captured Coron, Patras, and Lepanto kindness the coasts of the Morea (Peloponnese). In response, Suleiman drive the forces of Yahya Pashazade Mehmed Bey, who recaptured these cities.

But the event sense Suleiman realize the importance perceive having a powerful commander kindness sea. He summoned Barbarossa be introduced to Istanbul, who set sail control August 1532. Having raided Sardegna, Bonifacio in Corsica, the Islands of Montecristo, Elba, and Lampedusa, he captured 18 galleys nigh Messina and learned from decency captured prisoners that Doria was headed to Preveza.

Barbarossa proceeded to raid the nearby coasts of Calabria and then sailed towards Preveza. Doria's forces frigid after a short battle, on the contrary only after Barbarossa had captured seven of their galleys. Let go arrived at Preveza with clean up total of 44 galleys, however sent 25 of them lessen to Algiers and headed equivalent to Istanbul with 19 ships.

Presentday he was received by Swayer Suleiman at Topkapı Palace. Suleiman appointed Barbarossa Kaptan-ı Derya(Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy flourishing Beylerbey(Chief Governor) of North Continent. Barbarossa was also given say publicly government of the Sanjak(Province) claim Rhodes and those of Euboea and Chios in the Civilisation Sea.

Kaptan-ı Derya of probity Ottoman Navy

In 1534, Barbarossa ready to go sail from Istanbul with 80 galleys and in April grace recaptured Coron, Patras, and Lepanto from the Spaniards.

In July 1534 he crossed the Ditch of Messina and raided influence Calabrian coasts, capturing a material number of ships around Reggio Calabria as well as nobility Castle of San Lucido. Why not? later destroyed the port most recent Cetraro and the ships harbored there. Still, in July 1534, he appeared in Campania be first sacked the islands of Island and Procida, before bombarding distinction ports in the Gulf vacation Naples.

He then appeared get round Lazio, shelled Gaeta and reclaim August landed at Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina, and Ostia on the Branch Tiber, causing the church addition in Rome to ring rectitude alarm. O'Shea says that covering this occasion the "Pope person ran for cover."^[3] He mistreatment sailed south, appearing at Ponza, Sicily, and Sardinia, before capturing Tunis in August 1534, gift sending the Hafsid Sultan Mulei Hassan fleeing.

He also captured the strategic port of Power point Goulette.

Mulei Hassan asked Potentate Charles V for assistance puzzle out recover his kingdom, and precise Spanish-Italian force of 300 galleys and 24,000 soldiers recaptured Port as well as Bone post Mahdiya in 1535. Recognizing glory futility of armed resistance, Corsair had abandoned Tunis well in advance the arrival of the invaders, sailing away into the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he bombarded ports, landed once again at Island and reconstructed a fort (which still today carries his name) after largely destroying it past the siege of the ait.

He then sailed to Port, from where he raided integrity coastal towns of Spain, self-indulgent consumed the ports of Majorca obscure Minorca, captured several Spanish stake Genoese galleys and liberated their Muslim oar slaves. In Sep 1535, he repulsed another Country attack on Tlemcen.

In 1536, Barbarossa was called back take on Istanbul to take command assess 200 ships in a maritime attack on the Habsburg Empire of Naples.

In July 1537, he landed at Otranto instruction captured the city, as petit mal as the Fortress of Socialist and the city of Ugento in Apulia.

In August 1537, Lütfi Pasha and Barbarossa inferior a huge Ottoman force which captured the Aegean and Hellene islands belonging to the Condition of Venice, namely Syros, Medusa, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kythira, and Naxos.

In description same year Barbarossa raided Corfu and obliterated the agricultural cultivations of the island while enslaving nearly all the population publicize the countryside (roughly 20,000 Corfiots were later sold as slaves in Istanbul). However, the Betray Fortress of Corfu was all right defended by a 4,000-strong City garrison with 700 guns, coupled with when several assaults failed chance on capture the fortifications, the Turks reluctantly re-embarked, and once afresh raided Calabria.

These losses caused Venice to ask Pope Apostle III to organize a "Holy League" against the Ottomans.

In February 1538, Pope Paul Triad succeeded in assembling a Incorporeal League (comprising the Papacy, Espana, the Holy Roman Empire, position Republic of Venice, and ethics Maltese Knights) against the Ottomans, but Barbarossa defeated its in partnership fleet, commanded by Andrea Doria, at the Battle of Preveza in September 1538.

This shake-up secured Turkish dominance over blue blood the gentry Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the Battle fence Lepanto in 1571.

In rank summer of 1539 Barbarossa captured the islands of Skiathos, Skyros, Andros, and Serifos and recaptured Castelnuovo from the Venetians, who had taken it from ethics Ottomans after the battle spend Preveza.

He also captured interpretation nearby Castle of Risan survive later assaulted the Venetian fort of Cattaro and the Nation fortress of Santa Veneranda secure Pesaro. Barbarossa later took rendering remaining Christian outposts in class Ionian and Aegean Seas. Venezia finally signed a peace pulse with Sultan Suleiman in Oct 1540, agreeing to recognize loftiness Turkish territorial gains and norm pay 300,000 gold ducats.

In September 1540, Emperor Charles Entirely contacted Barbarossa and offered him to become his Admiral-in-Chief significance well as the ruler pageant Spain's territories in North Continent, but he refused. Unable watch over persuade Barbarossa to switch sides, in October 1541, Charles individual laid siege to Algiers, in search of to end the corsair omen to the Spanish domains prosperous Christian shipping in the fantasy Mediterranean.

The season was whimper ideal for such a initiative, and both Andrea Doria, who commanded the fleet, and picture old Hernan Cortés, who difficult to understand been asked by Charles dissertation participate in the campaign, attempted to change the Emperor's embodiment but failed. Eventually a berserk storm disrupted Charles' landing act.

Andrea Doria took his flex away into open waters statement of intent avoid being wrecked on honesty shore, but much of goodness Spanish fleet went aground. Sustenance some indecisive fighting on utter, Charles had to abandon grandeur effort and withdraw his with an iron hand battered force.

In 1543, Corsair headed towards Marseilles to help France, then an ally see the Ottoman Empire, and cruised the western Mediterranean with clean up fleet of 210 ships (70 galleys, 40 galliots and Century other warships carrying 14,000 Turkic soldiers, thus an overall amount of 30,000 Ottoman troops.) Section his way, while passing habit the Strait of Messina, operate asked Diego Gaetani, the instructor of Reggio Calabria, to forego his city.

Gaetani responded hint at cannon fire, which killed team a few Turkish sailors. Barbarossa, angered stomach-turning the response, besieged and captured the city. He then substantial on the coasts of Campania and Lazio, and from influence mouth of the Tiber imperilled Rome, but France intervened inconsequential favor of the Pope's acquaintance. Barbarossa then raided several European and Spanish islands and coastwise settlements before laying siege reverse Nice and capturing the nous on August 5, 1543, mislead behalf of the French go down Francois I.

The Turkish foremost later landed at Antibes captivated the Île Sainte-Marguerite near City, before sacking the city accomplish San Remo, other ports emancipation Liguria, Monaco and La Turbie. He spent the winter ready to go his fleet and 30,000 Country soldiers in Toulon, but requently sent his ships from present to bombard the coasts pills Spain.

The Christian population locked away been evacuated and the Religion of St. Mary in Toulon was transformed into a national park for the Turkish soldiers, decide Ottoman money was accepted sue for transactions by the French salesmen in the city.

In blue blood the gentry spring of 1544, after assaulting San Remo for the next time and landing at Borghetto Santo Spirito and Ceriale, Corsair defeated another Spanish-Italian fleet post raided deeply into the Sovereignty of Naples.

He then sailed to Genoa with his 210 ships and threatened to raid the city unless it translucent Turgut Reis, who had antique serving as a galley odalisque on a Genoese ship humbling then imprisoned in the acquaintance since his capture in Corsica by Giannettino Doria in 1540. Barbarossa was invited by Andrea Doria to discuss the jet at his palace in ethics Fassolo district of Genoa, humbling the two admirals negotiated goodness release of Turgut Reis identical exchange for 3,500 gold ducats.

Barbarossa then successfully repulsed spanking Spanish attacks on southern Author, but was recalled to Constantinople after Charles V and Suleiman had agreed to a moratorium in 1544.

After leaving rank Provence from the port slant Île Sainte-Marguerite in May 1544, Barbarossa assaulted San Remo fulfill the third time, and just as he appeared before Vado Ligure, the Republic of Genoa twist and turn him a substantial sum stop save other Genoese cities unapproachable further attacks.

In June 1544 Barbarossa appeared before Elba. Dangerous to bombard Piombino unless nobility city released the son symbolize Sinan Reis who had antediluvian captured 10 years earlier newborn the Spaniards in Tunis, take steps obtained his release. He escalate captured Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone and Orbetello in the subject of Grosseto in Tuscany.

Helter-skelter, he destroyed the tomb limit burned the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned her majesty father's house in Mytilene-Lesbos glory previous year, in 1543. Earth then captured Montiano and gloomy Porto Ercole and the Islet of Giglio. He later maltreated Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, probity French envoy, convinced Barbarossa sharp lift the siege.

The Land fleet then assaulted the coasts of Sardinia before appearing adventure Ischia and landing there rejoicing July 1544, capturing the nous as well as Forio shaft the Isle of Procida beforehand threatening Pozzuoli. Encountering 30 galleys under Giannettino Doria, Barbarossa unnatural them to sail away make a fuss of Sicily and seek refuge advance Messina.

Due to strong winds the Turks were unable get at attack Salerno but managed bump land at Cape Palinuro away. Barbarossa then entered the Constricted of Messina and landed comic story Catona, Fiumara, and Calanna to all intents and purposes Reggio Calabria and later pressurize Cariati and at Lipari, which was his final landing make dirty the Italian peninsula.

There, operate bombarded the citadel for 15 days after the city refused to surrender, and eventually captured it.

He finally returned constitute Istanbul, and in 1545, unattended to the city for his rearmost naval expeditions, during which put your feet up bombarded the ports of excellence Spanish mainland and landed follow Majorca and Minorca for primacy last time.

He then sailed back to Istanbul and condition a palace on the Bosphorus, in the present-day district censure Büyükdere.

Retirement and death

Barbarossa remote in Istanbul in 1545, pass his son Hasan Pasha significance his successor in Algiers. Sand then dictated his memoirs bump into Muradi Sinan Reis. They lie of five hand-written volumes become public as "Gazavat-ı Hayreddin Paşa"(Memories hint at Hayreddin Pasha).

Today they pour exhibited at the Topkapı Donjon and Istanbul University Library. They are prepared and published get by without Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı as "Kaptan Paşa'nın Seyir Defteri"(The Logbook locate the Captain Pasha) by Don. Dr. Ahmet Şimşirgil, a Turki academic.^[4] They are also fictionalized as "Akdeniz Bizimdi"(The Mediterranean was Ours) by M.

Ertuğrul Düzdağ.^[5]

Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 in his seaside palace put back the Büyükdere neighborhood of Stambul, on the northwestern shores jurisdiction the Bosphorus. He is below ground in the tall mausoleum(türbe) at hand the ferry port of rendering district of Beşiktaş on birth European side of Istanbul; which was built in 1541 gross the famous architect Sinan, kid the site where his expeditious used to assemble.

His gravestone was built in 1944, job to his mausoleum.

The Tire (Sancak) of Hayreddin Barbarossa

The recognition on the flag of Hayreddin Barbarossa] may be confused know the Star of David, undiluted Jewish symbol, used by Zion today.^[6] However, in medieval period, this star was a habitual Islamic symbol known as dignity Seal of Solomon (Suleiman) meticulous was widely used by primacy Seljuk Turkish Beyliks of Peninsula.

The seal was later tatty by the Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and goodness personal flags of the pashas, including Hayreddin Barbarossa. One imitation the Turkish states known abolish use the seal on secure flag was the Beylik ceremony Candaroğlu. According to the Dominion Atlas of 1375, by Expert. Cresques, the flag of authority Beylik of Karamanoğlu, another Land state, consisted of a astound 6-edged star.

Legacy

O'Shea describes Corsair as "a seaman of inimitable ability."^[7] Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha implanted Turkish supremacy in the Sea which lasted until the Wrangle with of Lepanto in 1571. On the contrary even after their defeat family tree Lepanto, the Ottoman Turks precipitate rebuilt their fleet, regained Land and other lost territories unsubtle Morea and Dalmatia from rank Republic of Venice between 1571 and 1572, and conquered Tunisia from Spain in 1574.

Moreover, the Turks ventured into greatness northern Atlantic Ocean between 1585 and 1660, and continued stick at be a major Mediterranean the waves abundance power for three more centuries, until the reign of Regnant Abdülaziz, when the Ottoman swift, which had 21 battleships gleam 173 other types of argosy, ranked as the third outwit naval force in the field after the British and Sculpturer navies.

However, during these centuries of great seamen such monkey Kemal Reis before him; rulership brother Oruç Reis and subsequent contemporaries Turgut Reis, Salih Reis, Piri Reis, and Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis; or Piyale Pasha, Murat Reis, Seydi Ali Reis, Uluç Ali Reis, and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis after him, few extra Turkish admirals ever achieved ethics overwhelming naval power of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa.

His mausoleum interest in the Barbaros Park gradient Beşiktaş, Istanbul, where his picture also stands, right next greet the Turkish Naval Museum]. Discern the back of the judge are verses by the State poet which may be translated as follows:

Whence on interpretation sea's horizon comes that roar?
Can it be Barbarossa now returning
From Tunis or Algiers or non-native the Isles?
Two hundred vessels coerce upon the waves,
Coming from effects the rising Crescent lights:
O holy ships, from what seas peal ye come?^[8]

Barbaros Boulevard starts do too much his mausoleum on the Bosphorus and runs all the model up to the Levent splendid Maslak business districts and out of range.

In the centuries following culminate death, even today, Turkish seamen salute his mausoleum with well-ordered cannon shot before leaving tail naval operations and battles.

Several warships of the Turkish Armada and passenger ships have back number named after him.

A Dutch-speaking group of traditional sea scouts in Brussels (140' FOS the drink scouts Roodbaard) recently named their group after Barbarossa (Dutch Roodbaard, meaning Redbeard).

Barbarossa lived give his life on the far reaches between the European and Footstool worlds. These two civilizations frequently clashed. There were, however, those who moved with ease betwixt these two worlds. Life erect this frontier saw fruitful recede as well as confrontation. Wearisome men were admired on both sides of the frontier.

Corsair is often depicted as precise pirate, although both sides continually raided territory and shipping connection to the other as what many saw as a predetermined war existed between the shine unsteadily sides. Charles V's offer use your indicators high rank on the en face side suggests that at lowest some on that side dearest Barbarossa's skills, enemy though unquestionable was.

Barbarossa did not bad-tempered sides but some people did; O'Shea comments that some obey the best "Muslim buccaneers were, in fact, former Christians."^[9] Writer O'Shea has written about prestige considerable degree of positive alternate that was carried out 'tween the two sides. The Kingdom of Venice, for example, serviced trade with the Ottomans much when their were bans hub place on such activity prescribed by the Pope.

Too much, representation of European-Ottoman relations assay one-sided. O'Shea describes this particular recounting of history as "agenda-driven amnesia" which, he says, does an injustice to the circumstance of the considerable "cultural exchange" that took place:

Scholars, translators, merchants and clerics wandered heed the world and contributed make ill its halcyon moments of national exchange.

A continuum of take care of, audible as a kind portend ground tone upon which righteousness more martial music of story history must be played, convivencia informed the entire medieval millenary, even those epochs that unlock or closed with battle … by combing the epochal battles with the eras of convivencia, a clearer picture of description complex encounter of Christianity with Islam emerges.^[10]

References to Hayreddin Barbarossa

The lobby of the Grand Master hotel in Istanbul is beautiful in honor of Barbarossa.

At hand are frieze-like portraits of him, as well as a borderline representing what must be nobility Battle of Preveza. This happening shows the disposition of authority two fleets facing each molest, along with the flags service numbers of the opposing personnel.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Bono, Salvatore.

  1993. Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs be bounded by the Mediterranean). Milano, IT: Neat. Mondadori. ISBN 9788804367352.

• Bradford, Ernle. 1968. The Sultan's Admiral: The lifetime of Barbarossa. London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340025048.
• Brown, Lav. 1809. Barbarossa a Tragedy, burst Five Acts: As Performed spokesperson the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden: First Published in London, 1754. New York, NY: D.

  Longworth, at the Dramatic Repository, Shakespeare-Gallery.

• Currey, E. Hamilton 1929. Sea-Wolves ticking off the Mediterranean. New York, NY: F.A. Stokes
• Leonardos, Giōrgos. 2000. Barbarossa the Pirate. London, UK: Minerva. ISBN 9780754113508.
• O'Shea, Stephen. 2006.

  Sea of Faith: Islam and Faith in the Medieval Mediterranean World. New York, NY: Walker. ISBN 9780802714985.

• Weintraub, Aileen. 2002. The Corsair Brothers: Sixteenth-Century Pirates of say publicly Barbary Coast. New York, NY: PowerKids Press. ISBN 9780823957996.

External links

All links retrieved June 25, 2024.