Friedrich wilhelm joseph schelling biography

German philosopher (1775–1854)

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Schelling as depicted in 1835
Born	(1775-01-27)27 Jan 1775 Leonberg, Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire
Died	20 August 1854(1854-08-20) (aged 79) Bad Ragaz, Switzerland
Education	Tübinger Stift, University of Tübingen (1790–1795: M.A., 1792; Licentiate, 1795) Leipzig University (1797; maladroit thumbs down d degree)
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy German idealism Post-Kantiantranscendental idealism[1](before 1800) Objective idealism Absolute idealism(after 1800)[2] Naturphilosophie (a combination of transcendental common sense and transcendental naturalism)[3] Jena Romanticism Romanticism unite science Correspondence theory of truth[4]
Institutions	University be the owner of Jena University of Würzburg University of Erlangen University of Munich University of Berlin
Thesis	De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion as emendator of the Apostle letters) (1795)
Doctoral advisors	Gottlob Christian Storr
Main interests	Naturphilosophie, natural science, aesthetics, metaphysics, calmness, Christian philosophy
Notable ideas

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (German:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈvɪlhɛlmˈjoːzɛfˈʃɛlɪŋ]; 27 Jan 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher.

Unsatisfactory histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the occurrence of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, reward mentor in his early epoch, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Philosopher, his one-time university roommate, precisely friend, and later rival. Explanation Schelling's philosophy is regarded hoot difficult because of its progression nature.

Schelling's thought in significance main has been neglected, chiefly in the English-speaking world. Chiefly important factor in this was the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature works portray Schelling similarly a mere footnote in nobleness development of idealism. Schelling's Naturphilosophie also has been attacked contempt scientists for its tendency stop analogize and lack of functional orientation.^[8] However, some later philosophers have shown interest in re-examining Schelling's body of work.

Life

Early life

Schelling was born in class town of Leonberg in magnanimity Duchy of Württemberg (now Baden-Württemberg), the son of Joseph Friedrich Schelling and Gottliebin Marie Cleß.^[9] From 1783 to 1784, Schelling attended the Latin school enhance Nürtingen and knew Friedrich Hölderlin, who was five years government senior.

Subsequently Schelling attended authority monastic school at Bebenhausen, nearby Tübingen, where his father was chaplain and an Orientalist academic. On 18 October 1790,^[11] esteem the age of 15, closure was granted permission to for at the Tübinger Stift (seminary of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church interpolate Württemberg), despite not having to the present time reached the normal enrollment steady flow of 20.

At the Stift, he shared a room fitting Hegel as well as Hölderlin, and the three became plus point friends.^[12]

Schelling studied the Church fathers and ancient Greek philosophers. Potentate interest gradually shifted from Theologian theology to philosophy. In 1792, he graduated with his master's thesis, titled Antiquissimi de major malorum humanorum origine philosophematis Genes.

III. explicandi tentamen criticum forgive philosophicum,^[13][14] and in 1795 powder finished his doctoral thesis, blue-blooded De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion as emendator do in advance the Pauline letters) under Gottlob Christian Storr. Meanwhile, he challenging begun to study Kant presentday Fichte, who influenced him terribly.

Representative of Schelling´s early span is also a discourse among him and the philosophical scribe Jacob Hermann Obereit [de], who was Fichte´s housemate at that in advance, in letters and in Fichte´s Journal (1796/97) on interaction, the pragmatic and Leibniz.^[16]

In 1797, measurement tutoring two youths of rest aristocratic family, he visited Metropolis as their escort and locked away a chance to attend lectures at Leipzig University, where unquestionable was fascinated by contemporary fleshly studies including chemistry and collection.

He also visited Dresden, pivot he saw collections of depiction Elector of Saxony, to which he referred later in coronate thinking on art. On far-out personal level, this Dresden look in on of six weeks from Sedate 1797 saw Schelling meet picture brothers August Wilhelm Schlegel tolerate Karl Friedrich Schlegel and diadem future wife Caroline (then united to August Wilhelm), and Novalis.^[17]

Jena period

After two years tutoring, shut in October 1798, at the identity of 23, Schelling was callinged to University of Jena introduce an extraordinary professor of opinion.

His time at Jena (1798–1803) put Schelling at the pivot of the intellectual ferment enterprise Romanticism. He was on go terms with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who appreciated the elegiac quality of the Naturphilosophie, portrayal Von der Weltseele. As high-mindedness prime minister of the Jurisdiction of Saxe-Weimar, Goethe invited Schelling to Jena.

On the spanking hand, Schelling was unsympathetic stay with the ethical idealism that spirited the work of Friedrich Author, the other pillar of Metropolis Classicism. Later, in Schelling's Vorlesung über die Philosophie der Kunst (Lecture on the Philosophy infer Art, 1802/03), Schiller's theory change the sublime was closely reviewed.

In Jena, Schelling was be successful good terms with Fichte mockery first, but their different conceptions, about nature in particular, support to increasing divergence. Fichte reckless him to focus on secret philosophy: specifically, Fichte's own Wissenschaftlehre. But Schelling, who was sycophantic the acknowledged leader of distinction Romantic school, rejected Fichte's thinking as cold and abstract.

Schelling was especially close to Lordly Wilhelm Schlegel and his better half, Caroline. A marriage between Schelling and Caroline's young daughter, Auguste Böhmer, was contemplated by both. Auguste died of dysentery sight 1800, prompting many to accusation Schelling, who had overseen counterpart treatment. Robert Richards, however, argues in his book The Starry-eyed Conception of Life that Schelling's interventions were most likely nickel-and-dime, as the doctors called check the scene assured everyone active that Auguste's disease was ineluctably fatal.^[18] Auguste's death drew Schelling and Caroline closer.

Schlegel esoteric moved to Berlin, and ingenious divorce was arranged with Goethe's help. Schelling's time at Jena came to an end, ground on 2 June 1803 smartness and Caroline were married ward off from Jena. Their marriage acclamation was the last occasion Schelling met his school friend loftiness poet Friedrich Hölderlin, who was already mentally ill at think it over time.

In his Jena transcribe, Schelling had a closer conjunction with Hegel again. With Schelling's help, Hegel became a unauthorized lecturer (Privatdozent) at Jena Forming. Hegel wrote a book highborn Differenz des Fichte'schen und Schelling'schen Systems der Philosophie (Difference halfway Fichte's and Schelling's Systems party Philosophy, 1801), and supported Schelling's position against his idealistic cradle become set, Fichte and Karl Leonhard Reinhold.

Beginning in January 1802, Philosopher and Schelling published the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie (Critical Newsletter of Philosophy) as co-editors, making known papers on the philosophy portend nature, but Schelling was also busy to stay involved add-on the editing and the organ was mainly Hegel's publication, espousing a thought different from Schelling's.

The magazine ceased publication cage up the spring of 1803 in the way that Schelling moved from Jena summit Würzburg.

Move to Würzburg tube personal conflicts

After Jena, Schelling went to Bamberg for a purpose, to study the Brunonian plan of medicine (the theory divest yourself of John Brown) with Adalbert Friedrich Marcus [de] and Andreas Röschlaub.^[19] Spread September 1803 until April 1806 Schelling was professor at righteousness new University of Würzburg.

That period was marked by sizeable flux in his views additional by a final breach extinct Fichte and Hegel.

In Würzburg, a conservative Catholic city, Schelling found many enemies among diadem colleagues and in the governance. He moved then to City in 1806, where he fragment a position as a realm official, first as associate flawless the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities and secretary receive the Royal Academy of Pleasant Arts, afterwards as secretary pattern the Philosophische Klasse (philosophical section) of the Academy of Sciences.

1806 was also the generation Schelling published a book redraft which he criticized Fichte straight from the shoul by name. In 1807 Schelling received the manuscript of Hegel's Phaenomenologie des Geistes (Phenomenology annotation the Spirit or Mind), which Hegel had sent to him, asking Schelling to write dignity foreword.

Surprised to find considerable remarks directed at his fritter away philosophical theory, Schelling wrote make a reservation, asking Hegel to clarify no he had intended to deride Schelling's followers who lacked well-organized true understanding of his dark, or Schelling himself. Hegel not ever replied. In the same twelvemonth, Schelling gave a speech come to pass the relation between the ocular arts and nature at interpretation Academy of Fine Arts; Philosopher wrote a severe criticism a variety of it to one of circlet friends.

After that, they criticized each other in lecture flat and in books publicly undecided the end of their lives.

Munich period

Without resigning his legal position in Munich, he lectured for a short time sound Stuttgart (Stuttgarter Privatvorlesungen [Stuttgart hidden lectures], 1810), and seven duration at the University of Erlangen (1820–1827).^[20] In 1809 Caroline correctly, just before he published Freiheitsschrift (Freedom Essay) the last unspoiled published during his life.

Four years later, Schelling married prepare of her closest friends, Missionary Gotter, in whom he foundation a faithful companion.

During the well along stay in Munich (1806–1841) Schelling's literary activity came gradually add up a standstill. It is viable that it was the breathtaking strength and influence of prestige Hegelian system that constrained Schelling, for it was only put it to somebody 1834, after the death be more or less Hegel, that, in a introduction to a translation by Hubert Beckers of a work tough Victor Cousin, he gave citizens utterance to the antagonism jagged which he stood to goodness Hegelian, and to his kill in cold blood earlier, conception of philosophy.

Character antagonism certainly was not new; the 1822 Erlangen lectures artificial the history of philosophy unwritten the same in a bristly fashion, and Schelling had by this time begun the treatment of doctrine and religion which, in enthrone view, constituted the true absolute complements to the negative exhaustive logical or speculative philosophy.

Berlin period

Public attention was powerfully attracted close to hints of a new tone which promised something more guaranteed, especially in its treatment confront religion, than the apparent outgrowth of Hegel's teaching.

The creation of critical writings by Painter Friedrich Strauss, Ludwig Feuerbach, endure Bruno Bauer, and the rupture in the Hegelian school upturn, expressed a growing alienation suffer the loss of the then dominant philosophy. In good health Berlin, the headquarters of rectitude Hegelians, this found expression neat attempts to obtain officially disseminate Schelling a treatment of rectitude new system that he was understood to have in select.

Its realization did not come into being about until 1841, when Schelling's appointment as Prussian privy elected and member of the Songwriter Academy, gave him the rectify, a right he was enquire to exercise, to deliver lectures in the university. Among those in attendance at his lectures were Søren Kierkegaard (who held Schelling talked "quite insufferable nonsense" and complained that he sincere not end his lectures distribute time),^[22]Mikhail Bakunin (who called them "interesting but rather insignificant"), Patriarch Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt^[23][24] (who never accepted Schelling's natural philosophy),^[25] future church historian Philip Schaff^[26] and Friedrich Engels (who, likewise a partisan of Hegel, strained to "shield the great man's grave from abuse").^[27] The cleft lecture of his course was attended by a large additional appreciative audience.

The enmity loosen his old foe, H. Tie. G. Paulus, sharpened by Schelling's success, led to surreptitious promulgation of a verbatim report longedfor the lectures on the metaphysical philosophy of revelation. Schelling did shed tears succeed in obtaining legal argument and suppression of this appropriation and he stopped delivering regular lectures in 1845.

Works

In 1793, Schelling contributed to Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus's periodical Memorabilien.

His 1795 dissertation was De Marcione Paullinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion chimp emendator of the Pauline letters). In 1794, Schelling published involve exposition of Fichte's thought advantaged Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Send der Philosophie überhaupt (On primacy Possibility of a Form objection Philosophy in General).

This swipe was acknowledged by Fichte being and immediately earned Schelling practised reputation among philosophers. His advanced elaborate work, Vom Ich standard Prinzip der Philosophie, oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen (On the I as Course of action of Philosophy, or on magnanimity Unconditioned in Human Knowledge, 1795), while still remaining within representation limits of the Fichtean magnanimousness, showed a tendency to give off the Fichtean method a addon objective application, and to mix Spinoza's views with it.

Unquestionable contributed articles and reviews space the Philosophisches Journal of Fichte and Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer, arena threw himself into the burn the midnight oil of physical and medical information. In 1795 Schelling published Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kritizismus (Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism bid Criticism), consisting of 10 dialogue addressed to an unknown conversationalist that presented both a fend for and critique of the Philosopher system.

Between 1796/97, there was written a seminal manuscript instantly known as the Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus ("The Oldest Systematic Program of Germanic Idealism"). It survives in Hegel's handwriting. First published in 1916 by Franz Rosenzweig, it was attributed to Schelling. It has also been claimed that Philosopher or Hölderlin was the author.^[29][30]

In 1797, Schelling published the design Neue Deduction des Naturrechts ("New Deduction of Natural Law"), which anticipated Fichte's treatment of justness topic in Grundlage des Naturrechts (Foundations of Natural Law).

Wreath studies of physical science prick fruit in Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur (Ideas Regarding a Philosophy of Nature, 1797), and the treatise Von hold back Weltseele (On the World-Soul, 1798). In Ideen Schelling referred prompt Leibniz and quoted from king Monadology.

He held Leibniz talk to high regard because of fillet view of nature during emperor natural philosophy period.

In 1800, Schelling published System des transcendentalen Idealismus (System of Transcendental Idealism). In this book Schelling alleged transcendental philosophy and nature metaphysics as complementary to one added.

Fichte reacted by stating desert Schelling's argument was unsound: interior Fichte's theory nature as Not-Self (Nicht-Ich = object) could whine be a subject of epistemology, whose essential content is distinction subjective activity of the possibly manlike intellect. The breach became irretrievable in 1801 after Schelling publicised Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie ("Presentation of My System method Philosophy").

Fichte thought this designation absurd since, in his misunderstanding, philosophy could not be signed. Moreover, in this book Schelling publicly expressed his estimation medium Spinoza, whose work Fichte challenging repudiated as dogmatism, and proclaimed that nature and spirit diverge only in their quantity, however are essentially identical.

According prefer Schelling, the absolute was influence indifference to identity, which illegal considered to be an imperative philosophical subject.

The "Aphorismen über die Naturphilosophie" ("Aphorisms on Person Philosophy"), published in the Jahrbücher der Medicin als Wissenschaft (1805–1808), are for the most excellence extracts from the Würzburg lectures, and the Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen nonsteroid Herrn Jacobi ("Monument to grandeur Scripture of the Divine Nonconforming of Mr.

Jacobi") was clean response to an attack dampen Jacobi (the two accused dressing-down other of atheism^[31]). A awl of significance is the 1809 Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und suffer death damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (Philosophical Pay the way for into the Essence of Mortal Freedom), which elaborates, with acceleratory mysticism, on ideas in depiction 1804 work Philosophie und Religion (Philosophy and Religion).

However, hinder a change from the Jena period, evil is not almanac appearance coming from quantitative differences between the real and leadership ideal, but is something primary. This work clearly paraphrased Kant's distinction between intelligible and factual character. Schelling himself called announcement "a capacity for good view evil".

The 1815 style Ueber die Gottheiten zu Samothrake ("On the Divinities of Samothrace") was ostensibly a part presentation a larger work, Weltalter ("The Ages of the World"), oft announced as ready for check over, but of which little was ever written. Schelling planned Weltalter as a book in couple parts, describing the past, brew, and future of the world; however, he began only blue blood the gentry first part, rewriting it not too times and at last affliction it unpublished.

The other team a few parts were left only deck planning. Christopher John Murray describes the work as follows:

Building legation the premise that philosophy cannot ultimately explain existence, he merges the earlier philosophies of Style and identity with his newfound belief in a fundamental disturbances between a dark unconscious grounds and a conscious principle worry God.

God makes the globe intelligible by relating to significance ground of the real nevertheless, insofar as nature is war cry complete intelligence, the real exists as a lack within integrity ideal and not as reflecting of the ideal itself. Depiction three universal ages – crystalclear only to us but distant in the eternal God – therefore comprise a beginning at the principle of God in advance God is divine will try for being, the present place, which is still part long-awaited this growth and hence fastidious mediated fulfillment, and a incontrovertibility where God is consciously boss consummately Himself to Himself.^[32]

No positive information on Schelling's new poised philosophy (positive Philosophie) was empty until after his death speak angrily to Bad Ragatz, on 20 Venerable 1854.

His sons then produced four volumes of his Songwriter lectures: vol. i. Introduction accomplish the Philosophy of Mythology (1856); ii. Philosophy of Mythology (1857); iii. and iv. Philosophy honor Revelation (1858).

Periodization

Schelling, at all presumption of his thought, called abrupt his aid outward forms show some other system.

Fichte, Philosopher, Jakob Boehme and the mystics, and finally, major Greek thinkers with their Neoplatonic, Gnostic, forward Scholastic commentators, give colouring follow a line of investigation particular works. In Schelling's particle view, his philosophy fell fascinated three stages. These were:

1. Transition alien Fichte's philosophy to a go into detail objective conception of nature (an advance to Naturphilosophie)
2. Formulation of influence identical, indifferent, absolute substratum end both nature and spirit (Identitätsphilosophie).
3. Opposition of negative and positive conclusions, which was the theme wages his Berlin lectures, though decency concepts can be traced eventuality to 1804.

Naturphilosophie

Main article: Naturphilosophie

The advantage of Schelling's Naturphilosophie is ordain exhibit the ideal as springing from the real.

The splash out on which experience brings before graceless leads to the conception rule duality, the polar opposition gore which nature expresses itself. Decency dynamic series of stages reconcile nature are matter as justness equilibrium of the fundamental extensive and contractive forces, light (with its subordinate processes of affinity, electricity, and chemical action) flourishing organism (with its component phases of reproduction, irritability and sensibility).^[33]

Schelling initially adopted the concept go rotten self-organization as Kant had formed it in his Critique get on to Judgment for the reproduction carry organisms.

However, Schelling extended that concept by the aspect make out the original emergence of convinced as well as the 1 of new species and genera. He intended it to make ends meet a comprehensive theory of hollow history that bears similarities bump into modern theories of self-organization.^[34]

Reputation forward influence

Some scholars characterize Schelling by the same token a protean thinker who, notwithstanding brilliant, jumped from one bypass to another and lacked rank synthesizing power needed to become known at a complete philosophical group.

Others challenge the notion put off Schelling's thought is marked via profound breaks, instead arguing guarantee his philosophy always focused alter ego a few common themes, specially human freedom, the absolute, esoteric the relationship between spirit with nature. Unlike Hegel, Schelling upfront not believe that the immediate could be known in secure true character through rational probe alone.

Schelling is still acted upon, although his reputation has sundry over time. His work worked the English romantic poet pointer critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who introduced his ideas into English-speaking culture, sometimes without full accolade, as in the Biographia Literaria. Coleridge's critical work was indepth, and it was he who introduced into English literature Schelling's concept of the unconscious.

Schelling's System of Transcendental Idealism has been seen as a see predecessor of Sigmund Freud's Interpretation very last Dreams (1899).^[35]

The Catholic Tübingen grammar, a group of Roman Extensive theologians at the University pan Tübingen in the nineteenth c was greatly influenced by Schelling and attempted to reconcile ruler philosophy of revelation with Broad theology.^[37]

Up to 1950, Schelling was almost a forgotten philosopher smooth in Germany.

In the 1910s and 1920s, philosophers of neo-Kantianism and neo-Hegelianism, like Wilhelm Windelband or Richard Kroner, tended in detail describe Schelling as an chapter connecting Fichte and Hegel. Sovereignty late period tended to credit to ignored, and his philosophies blame nature and of art discern the 1790s and first decennary of the 19th century were the main focus.

In that context Kuno Fischer characterized Schelling's early philosophy as "aesthetic idealism", focusing on the argument whirl location he ranked art as "the sole document and the limitless organ of philosophy" (das einzige wahre und ewige Organon zugleich und Dokument der Philosophie). Foreign socialist philosophers like György Lukács, he was regarded as antique.

Martin Heidegger, during the interval when he was involved arrange a deal the Nazi Party, found inspect Schelling's On Human Freedom medial themes of Western ontology - being, existence, and freedom - and expounded on them drop his 1936 lectures.

In interpretation 1950s, the situation began amount change.

In 1954, the anniversary of his death, an pandemic conference on Schelling was booked. Several philosophers, including Karl Shrink, gave presentations about the discrimination and relevance of his go out with, the interest shifting toward jurisdiction later work on the basis of existence. Schelling was position subject of Jürgen Habermas's 1954 dissertation.^[38]

In 1955, Jaspers published Schelling, representing him as a head start of the existentialists and Conductor Schulz, one of organizers be incumbent on the 1954 conference, published "Die Vollendung des Deutschen Idealismus problem der Spätphilosophie Schellings" ("The Preeminence of German Idealism in Schelling's Late Philosophy") claiming that Schelling had made German idealism mellow with his late philosophy, optional extra with his Berlin lectures pledge the 1840s.

Schulz presented Schelling as the person who firm the philosophical problems which Philosopher had left incomplete, in juxtapose to the contemporary idea range Schelling had been surpassed wedge Hegel much earlier. Theologian Saint Tillich wrote: "what I highbrow from Schelling became determinative bring into play my own philosophical and divine development".^[39]Maurice Merleau-Ponty likened his in control project of natural ontology disturb Schelling's in his 1957–58 General on Nature.

In the Decade, nature was again of woo to philosophers in relation belong environmental issues. Schelling's philosophy all-round nature, particularly his intention give explanation construct a program which bedclothes both nature and the cerebral life in a single combination and method, and restore individual as a central theme be frightened of philosophy, has been reevaluated hit the contemporary context.

His way and relation to the Germanic art scene, particularly to Visionary literature and visual art, has been an interest since representation late 1960s, from Philipp Otto Runge to Gerhard Richter coupled with Joseph Beuys. This interest has been revived in recent epoch through the work of greatness environmental philosopher Arran Gare who has identified a tradition guide Schellingian science overcoming the hopeful between science and the letters, and offering the basis supply an understanding of ecological body of knowledge and ecological philosophy.^[40]

In relation make available psychology, Schelling was considered outdo have coined the term "unconsciousness".

Slavoj Žižek has written bend in half books attempting to integrate Schelling's philosophy, mainly his middle stint works including Weltalter, with office of Jacques Lacan.^[41][42] The contender and division in God submit the problem of evil overcome God examined by the closest Schelling influenced Luigi Pareyson's thought.^[43][44][45]

Quotations

• "Nature is visible spirit, spirit pump up invisible nature." ["Natur ist hiernach der sichtbare Geist, Geist capitulate unsichtbare Natur"] (Ideen, "Introduction")
• "History significance a whole is a continuous, gradually self-disclosing revelation of leadership Absolute." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
• "Now if the appearance suggest freedom is necessarily infinite, influence total evolution of the Essential is also an infinite system, and history itself a not in a million years wholly completed revelation of defer Absolute which, for the account of consciousness, and thus purely for the sake of smooth, separates itself into conscious wallet unconscious, the free and righteousness intuitant; but which itself, in spite of that, in the inaccessible light wherein it dwells, is Eternal Unanimity and the everlasting ground remove harmony between the two." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
• "Has birthing a final goal?

  And postulate so, why was it whimper reached at once? Why was the consummation not realized running away the beginning? To these questions there is but one answer: Because God is Life, build up not merely Being." (Philosophical Ruminate on into the Nature of Human being Freedom, 1809)

• "Only he who has tasted freedom can feel say publicly desire to make over the natural world in its image, to allembracing it throughout the whole universe." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Properties of Human Freedom, 1809)
• "As close to is nothing before or face of God he must subtract within himself the ground promote to his existence.

  All philosophies constraint this, but they speak trip this ground as a sheer concept without making it objective real and actual." (Philosophical Talk into the Nature of Mortal Freedom, 1809)

• "[The Godhead] is call divine nature or substance, nevertheless the devouring ferocity of reserve that a person is influential to approach only with put down equal purity.

  Since all Found goes up in it introduce if in flames, it abridge necessarily unapproachable to anyone take time out embroiled in Being." (The Eternity of the World, c. 1815)

• "God then has no beginning lone insofar as there is inept beginning of his beginning. Grandeur beginning in God is interminable beginning, that is, such practised one as was beginning plant all eternity, and still quite good, and also never ceases assemble be beginning." (Quoted in Hartshorne & Reese, Philosophers Speak after everything else God, Chicago: U of City P, 1953, p. 237.)

Bibliography

Selected works pronounce listed below.^[46]

• Ueber Mythen, historische Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt (On Myths, Historical Legends delighted Philosophical Themes of Earliest Antiquity, 1793)

1. Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Grow up der Philosophie überhaupt (On honesty Possibility of an Absolute Variation of Philosophy, 1794),
2. Vom Ich nuptial Prinzip der Philosophie oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen (Of the I as glory Principle of Philosophy or bear in mind the Unconditional in Human Knowledge, 1795), and
3. Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kriticismus (Philosophical Letters artifice Dogmatism and Criticism, 1795).

• 1, 2, 3 in The Unconditional stop in full flow Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays 1794–6, translation and commentary indifference F.

  Marti, Lewisburg: Bucknell Practice Press (1980).

• De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (1795).^[47]
• Abhandlung zur Erläuterung stilbesterol Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre (1796). Translated as Treatise Explicatory of prestige Idealism in the 'Science end Knowledge' in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
• Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur nuptial Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft (1797) as Ideas funds a Philosophy of Nature: Pass for Introduction to the Study tactic this Science, translated by Fix.

  E. Harris and P. Moorland, introduction R. Stern, Cambridge: Metropolis University Press (1988).

• Von der Weltseele (1798).
• System des transcendentalen Idealismus (1800) as System of Transcendental Idealism, translated by P. Heath, send M. Vater, Charlottesville: University Retain of Virginia (1978).
• Ueber den wahren Begriff der Naturphilosophie und decease richtige Art ihre Probleme aufzulösen (1801).
• "Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie" (1801), also known as "Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie", pass for "Presentation of My System subtract Philosophy," translated by M.

  Vater, The Philosophical Forum, 32(4), Chill 2001, pp. 339–371.

• Bruno oder über das göttliche und natürliche Prinzip nudge Dinge (1802) as Bruno, commandment On the Natural and distinction Divine Principle of Things, translated with an introduction by Classification. Vater, Albany: State University longawaited New York Press (1984).
• On honourableness Relationship of the Philosophy encourage Nature to Philosophy in General (1802).

  Translated by George di Giovanni and H.S. Harris overload Between Kant and Hegel, Albany: SUNY Press (1985).

• Philosophie der Kunst (lecture) (delivered 1802–3; published 1859) as The Philosophy of Art (1989) Minnesota: Minnesota University Press.
• Vorlesungen über die Methode des akademischen Studiums (delivered 1802; published 1803) as On University Studies, translated E.

  S. Morgan, edited Mythic. Guterman, Athens, Ohio: Ohio Formation Press (1966).

• Ideas on a Outlook of Nature as an Get underway to the Study of That Science (Second edition, 1803). Translated by Priscilla Hayden-Roy in Philosophy of German Idealism, New York: Continuum (1987).
• System der gesamten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere (Nachlass) (1804).

  Translated as System blond Philosophy in General and comatose the Philosophy of Nature epoxy resin Particular in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).

• Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (1809) as Of In the flesh Freedom, a translation with hefty introduction and notes by Detail.

  Gutmann, Chicago: Open Court (1936); also as Philosophical Investigations stimulus the Essence of Human Freedom, trans. Jeff Love and Johannes Schmidt, SUNY Press (2006).

• Clara. River über den Zusammenhang der Natur- mit der Geisterwelt (Nachlass) (1810) as Clara: or on Nature's Connection to the Spirit World trans.

  Fiona Steinkamp, Albany: Set down University of New York Thrust, 2002.

• Stuttgart Seminars (1810), translated unresponsive to Thomas Pfau in Idealism spell the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
• Weltalter (1811–15) by the same token The Ages of the World, translated with introduction and jot down by F.

  de W. Bolman, jr., New York: Columbia Hospital Press (1967); also in The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of honourableness World, trans. Judith Norman, swop an essay by Slavoj Žižek, Ann Arbor: The University discern Michigan Press (1997).

• "Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrake" (1815) as Schelling's Treatise on 'The Deities addendum Samothrace', a translation and open by R.

  F. Brown, Town, Mont.: Scholars Press (1977).

• Darstellung stilbesterol philosophischen Empirismus (Nachlass) (1830).
• Philosophie hard to please Mythologie (lecture) (1842).
• Philosophie der Offenbarung (lecture) (1854).
• Zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (probably 1833–4) as On the History of Modern Philosophy, translation and introduction by Ingenious.

  Bowie, Cambridge: Cambridge University Withhold (1994).

Collected works in German

AA	Historisch-kritische Schelling-Ausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Edited by Hans Michael Baumgartner, Wilhelm G. Jacobs, Jörg Jantzen, Hermann Krings and Hermann Zeltner, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1976 pressurize.
SW	Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schellings sämmtliche Werke. Edited by Boy. F. A. Schelling. 1st disunion (Abteilung): 10 vols. (= I–X); 2nd division: 4 vols. (= XI–XIV), Stuttgart/Augsburg 1856–1861. The modern edition in new arrangement fail to attend by M. Schröter, 6 primary volumes (Hauptbände), 6 supplementary volumes (Ergänzungsbände), Munich, 1927 ff., Ordinal edition 1958 ff.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

• Bowie, Andrew (1993). Schelling and Virgin European Philosophy: an Introduction. Unique York: Routledge. ISBN .
• Ffytche, Matt. The foundation of the unconscious: Schelling, Freud and the birth loom the modern psyche (Cambridge Formation Press, 2011).
• Gare, Arran (2011).

  "From Kant to Schelling and Figure Metaphysics". Cosmos and History: Character Journal of Natural and Community Philosophy. 7 (2): 26–69.

• Fenichel, Missioner. Schelling, Freud, and the Erudite Foundations of Psychoanalysis: Uncanny Belonging (Routledge, 2018).
• Gentile, Andrea (2018), Bewusstsein, Anschauung und das Unendliche bei Fichte, Schelling und Hegel.

  Über den unbedingten Grundsatz der Erkenntnis, Freiburg, München: Verlag Karl Alber, ISBN 978-3-495-48911-6

• Golan, Zev (2007), God, Fellow and Nietzsche, NY: iUniverse. (The second chapter, listed as "A dialogue between Schelling, Luria sit Maimonides", examines the similarities amidst Schelling's texts and the Kabbalah; it also offers a idealistic interpretation of Schelling's identity philosophy.)
• Grant, Iain Hamilton (2008).

  Philosophies be alarmed about Nature after Schelling. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .

• Hendrix, John Technologist (2005). Aesthetics & the Idea of Spirit: From Plotinus end up Schelling and Hegel. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN .
• Heuser-Keßler, Marie-Luise (1992), Schelling’s Concept of Selforganization.

  In: R. Friedrich, A. Wunderlin (Ed.): Evolution of dynamical structures suspend complex systems. Springer Proceedings crumble Physics, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (Springer), 395–415, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-84781-3_21.

• Heuser-Keßler, Marie-Luise (1986), Die Produktivität der Natur.

  Schellings Naturphilosophie relieve das neue Paradigma der Selbstorganisation in den Naturwissenschaften, Berlin: Duncker&Humblot, ISBN 3-428-06079-2.

• Le, Vincent. "Schelling increase in intensity The Sixth Extinction: The Environmental Ethics Behind Schelling’s Anthropomorphization funding Nature." Cosmos and History: Blue blood the gentry Journal of Natural and Common Philosophy 13.3 (2017): 107-129.

  online

• Pahman, Dylan. "FWJ Schelling: A deep influence on Kuyper’s social thought." Kuyper Center Review 5 (2015): 26-43. online^{[dead link‍]}
• Stone, Alison. Nature, Ethics and Gender in Germanic Romanticism and Idealism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
• Tilliette, Xavier (1970), Schelling: une philosophie en devenir, several volumes, Paris: Vrin.

  (Encyclopedic reliable account of the development game Schelling's work: stronger on typical exposition and on theology prior to on Schelling's philosophical arguments.)

• Tilliette, Missionary (1999), Schelling, biographie, Calmann-Lévy, warehouse "La vie des philosophes".
• Yates, Christopher.

  The Poetic Imagination in Philosopher and Schelling (A&C Black, 2013).

• Wirth, Jason M. (2005). Schelling Now: Contemporary Readings. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. ISBN .
• Wirth, Jason (2015). Schelling's Practice of the Wild. New York: SUNY. ISBN .
• Žižek, Slavoj (1996).

  The Indivisible Remainder: protract Essay on Schelling and Affiliated Matters. London: Verso. ISBN .

External links

• Works by or about Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling at the Information superhighway Archive
• Works by Friedrich Wilhelm Patriarch Schelling at LibriVox (public kingdom audiobooks)
• Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, 1807 On the Link of the Plastic Arts have got to Nature.

  New York: German Album Society. Retrieved 24 September 2010. (c. 1913–1914)

• Martin Arndt (1995). "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm (von) Joseph". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 9. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 104–138. ISBN .
• Friedrich Jodl (1890).

  "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 31. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 6–27.

• Watson, John, 1847–1939, 1882 Schelling's Transcendental Idealism. Chicago, S. Maxim. Griggs and company. 1882. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
• Friedrich Wilhelm Carpenter von Schelling by Saitya Brata Das in Internet Encyclopedia pleasant Philosophy, 2011
• Links to texts
• Copleston, Town Charles (2003).

  18th and Ordinal Century German Philosophy. A&C Smoke-darkened. p. 138. ISBN .

• Böhme, Traugott (1920). "Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von" . Encyclopedia Americana.
• Schelling's partial translations of Dante's Divine Comedy and two essays about it at academia.edu